Innocent III was pope from 1198 to 1216, making him our first pope of the thirteenth century. His long reign was marked primarily by reestablishing papal power over the Holy Roman Empire, and calling for the Fourth Crusade to recapture Jerusalem. This didn't really go as planned, however: Innocent only called nobles and knights to the crusade, instead of appealing directly to the monarchs that ruled them. It took a while for the nobles to gather momentum, but when they finally did gather as a fairly leaderless bunch, they were turned astray from their goal. Boniface of Montferrat led them to attack nearby rich Christian cities - Zara and Constantinople.